Pollution indices and health risk evaluation of heavy metals in a playground soil from Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria

Published 11-02-2024
Section Research Articles

Authors

  • Aliyu Yaradua Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Alhassan AJ Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
  • Bungudu JI Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, PMB 1157, Kebbi State, Nigeria
  • Shuaibu L Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, PMB 1157, Kebbi State, Nigeria
  • Nasir A Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Aminu MB Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Usman A Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Kankia IH Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Matazu NU Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Suleiman ZA Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Tukur AB Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Sani AS Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Yaradua AI 4 Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Katsina State, Nigeria
  • Bello U Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Matazu SS Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Kabir ZG Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Yau S Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Kabir HG Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Dalhatu MM Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria
  • Halliru MI Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Abbas A Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Nasir R Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
  • Rawayau MA Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Muhammad AN Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria
  • Yaradua IA Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
  • Hassan M Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
  • Nasir MN Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V12N2-art756

Abstract

The pollution indices and health risks to the population from exposure to heavy metals in a playground soil sample was carried out in the current study. The soil sample heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The heavy metals soil pollution indices were computed based on the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo),
enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals to the population were calculated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The results had revealed that all the evaluated heavy metals were within the regulatory bodies’ permissible limits. The I-geo values have revealed that the soil sample was unpolluted with these heavy metals. In addition, the heavy metal enrichment
factor (EF) shows a varying degree of enrichment; Fe and Mn (deficiency to minimal) Zn (Moderate), Ni (significant), Cr (extremely high). The result of the contamination factor has indicated that the soil sample in the study has low contamination by the heavy metals. The result of pollution load index was less than 1. With the potential ecological risk index (PERI)
values presenting low ecological risks. The calculated non-cancer risk indices in both the children and adult population for the heavy metals were below 1. The Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adult and children population has revealed that the heavy metal Ni was beyond the threshold of the safety range for cancer risk. The results of the pollution indices have indicated that the soil sample have low contamination, while the results for the health risk evaluation pointed to the possible contribution of exposure to the soil sample to heighten the risks for cancer in the population.

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