Determining the optimum percentages of fly ash, metakaolin and copper slag by replacing cement and fine aggregate in m30 grade concrete.

Abstract

The overallproduction of the cement has greatly increased whichresults lots of problems in environmentas it involves the emission of CO2 gas. Environmental concerns, stemmingfromthehighenergy expenseandcarbondioxideemissionassociatedwithcement manufacture have broughtaboutpressurestoreduce cementconsumptionthroughthe useof supplementarymaterials. Materials such as Metakaolin, fly ash have goodpozzolanicactivity andareagoodmaterialfortheproductionofhighstrengthconcrete.Copper slag is a by-product of copper extraction by smelting. Copper slag can be used in concrete production as a partial replacement for sand. However,it is expected that the use of Metakaolin, Fly ash and Copper slag in concrete improves the strength properties of concrete.